The General Strain Theory, And General Integrated Theory

This final theory is an extension of Hirschi s (1979) original idea of micro and macro dimensions which are called cross-level or multilevel integrations (Barak, 2002). The general strain theory is also known as cross-level or multilevel integrations including the reintegrative shaming theory, power control theory, control balance theory and general integrated theory (Barak, 2002). These theories combine theories like social bonding and social learning theories with structural theories such as social disorganization and strain theories but does not address macro level factors that influence crime, and instead focus solely on criminal behavior at the micro level. So far, very little theories suggested have encompassed all levels of explaining criminology (Barak, 2002). This is a social structure- macro model which states that differential opportunities are not only crime class specific, but also are accompanied by motivations for both crime and punishment. The introduction of an integrative theory that analyzes the traits of locations and the people in the locations, rather than the people themselves. It claims that deviant behavior is more prevalent in areas that are poorer (Barak, 2002). Life has many daily strains and most do not lead to criminality but the greater the negative reaction, the higher the probability for criminality. Also, a negative reaction perpetuates further negative reactions which leads to a higher probability of criminal activities,Show MoreRelatedTheoretical Criminology s Theory Of Delinquency And Drug Use, Social Learning Theory, And Tittle s Control Balance1422 Words   |  6 PagesBernard, Snipes, and Gerould (2016), a theory is a reasonable explanation for something based on ones’ beliefs, attitudes, and available information that make up the intellectual and rational surroundings of people at different times. Therefore, theoretical criminology are facts about crime based on the same elements. Most theories attempt to pinpoint the type of criminal behavior the causes crime using one theory of another to explain the facts based one theory. A large portion of criminologistRead MoreEssay on Theories of Crime and Criminal Activity1488 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Crime and Criminal Activity Every theory of crime has at least 2-3 meta-theoretical levels above it. The fundamental issues are usually addressed at the approach level, and are often called the assumptions, or starting points, of a theory, although the term assumptions more strictly refers to the background or domain boundaries one can draw generalizations about. Above the approach level is the Perspective level, the largest unit of agreement within a scientific community, andRead MoreTheories on Crime1253 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime: The field of criminology is basically described as the study of crime through which the causes, prevention, and correction of offenses are examined. While this process can be extremely difficult, especially for students, the analysis of the causes of crime is significant to sociology and criminology. The difficulties associated with the study of crime originate from the numerous challenges in developing theories that explain human behavior. In relation to crime, human behaviorRead MoreThe Differential Opportunity Systems Theory1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe differential opportunity systems theory mainly emphasizes on the intervening variables accounting for the specific form that deviance and crime can take. Earlier, Cloward demonstrated the way blocked illegitimate access, and opportunities would be a logical Mertonian strain theory extension. An illegitimate opportunity is regarded as being more than the chance to get away with a deviant or criminal act. It entails expressing and learning the beliefs necessary to support subculture. Such beliefsRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreIntegrated Criminological Theories2451 Words   |  10 PagesCriminological theories have come a long way from their origins; in ancient times it was believed that crimes were committed by people who were possessed by the devil, or women who practiced the dark art of witchcraft (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011, pg 18). As the theories progressed into modern times, the theorist behind these criminological theories had only focused on one single cause behind criminality. Thanks to the work done by member of the Chicago School many of the new theories were able to furtherRea d MoreMain assumptions of Strain Theory and its contributions to understanding crime1848 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Main assumptions of Strain Theory and its contributions to understanding crime In general, a group of theories, called Strain Theory, contends that most people in society share the same goals of achieving wealth and success. But in every society there is division between lower class and their wealthier counterparts. Those people from lower class don’t have the same opportunities that those from upper class do. As a result, lower class gets frustrated because they are not able to achieve upperRead MoreCrime Is An Inevitable Part Of Society2939 Words   |  12 Pagesas humans try to understand and control. The field of study focusing on crime is criminology, which uses theories and science to find the root of crime. In criminology there are three paradigms that differ in their views on what causes crime and what policy implications need to be done in order to alleviate the problem of crime. The three paradigms are classical, positivist and conflict theories which all have had periods being the dominating school of thought at one time period or another. All thoughRead MoreCritically Discuss Three Sociological Approaches to Explaining Crime1188 Words   |  5 PagesHowever this study failed to take into account that the XYY chromosome pattern existed in males in general society (affecting 1 in 1000 male births) who had never committed criminal acts. Sociologists now attempt to explain deviance in terms of social and cultural influences. There are three main sociological approaches to explaining crime and deviance; functionalist theory, action theory and conflict theory. The functionalist approach to deviance regards it as a natural and necessary function in societyRead MoreAnomie Theory1630 Words   |  7 PagesAnomie theory is important for explaining whether crime is a normal or abnormal (pathological) social phenomenon (Cartwright, 2011). It describes a lack of social norms, lawlessness and normlessness (Cartwright, 2013). In detail, it is a breakdown of social bonds between an individual and the community. This theory was first coined by Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist in his book Suicide published in 1897 (Cartwright, 2013). Later on, Robert Merton, the President of American Sociological Association

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Textbooks In K-12 Schools

As technology continuously advances and expands in our culture and society, tablets have dominated computers and laptops in the workforce and textbooks in some schools in the United States. As tablets are becoming more prevalent, a debate has been established regarding whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digital textbooks on tablets in the classroom. In definition, a tablet is a handheld computer, but they are usually much bigger than a cell phone. There are many reasons why school districts may or may not replace digital textbooks or tablets entirely. This particular topic is controversial and debatable because textbooks seem to be less prevalent than tablets. Although kids and teenagers still read print†¦show more content†¦K-12 school districts may need to think twice concerning the replacement of textbooks with tablets. Students may become easily distracted while handling in tablets in class because tablets have much more creative components. Students have the ability to connect to internet and gives a good source to die away from actually learning. Technology gives students an outlet to multitask during learning hinders academic performance. For instance, iPads are a convenient way to communicate and collaborate with friends as well as for self-management by having a calendar, applications, notes, emails, reminders, use social media, and others. Several studies has shown that â€Å"the iPad could potentially be a distraction as it is associated more with entertainment then education† (Greenfield par. 3). Tablets are mostly used to download games and apps. The ability to go on the internet or download apps allows students to restrain from their learning. Evidently, tablets can get hacked, glitch, freeze, in contrast to textbooks. Tablets have no likelihood of obtaining malware, spyware, or getting personal information stolen. If tablets break or something becomes wrong with it, then they will have to be fixed by a technician, which may end up costing more than the tablets’ worth. It may be better to not risk providing tablets to students because of all the problems that may come with tablets. The ability for tablets to glitch, freeze, or getShow MoreRelatedShould Textbooks Be Used Over Textbooks Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterials in the classroom. Textbooks are not supplying what students need to achieve success throughout his/her education; therefore, tablets/computers should be used over textbooks. There are multiple advantages and disadvantages to taking textbooks out of classrooms throughout the United States. One of the biggest advantages in the use of tablets/computers over textbooks is the ability to record and monitor cheating in a more formal way. For example, a large variety of schools through the United StatesRead MoreE Learning Is A Hot Topic On Education842 Words   |  4 Pageselementary classroom. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages to using technology in an elementary classroom. Finally, this literature review gives the role of the teacher in an evolving E-learning classroom. Research Questions of the Literature Review The literature review will address the following questions: 1. What are the definitions and examples of E-learning? 2. What are the advantages of E-learning? 3. What are the disadvantages of E-learning? 4. What is the roleRead MoreValues Debate Paper1275 Words   |  6 PagesValues Debate NUR 542- Dynamics of Family Systems The controversy of whether values should be taught at home or at school has been a debate for many years. In fact, many states have already begun establishing boards to define what core values are most important and should be taught within the school system. This was and continues to be a topic of interest as many legislatures and school officials notice an exponential increase in students and young Americans that exhibit poor decision-making and lackRead MoreMobile Technology And Its Effects On People1485 Words   |  6 Pagestheir children’s lives and the second portion speaks of an article that believe mobile technology should have its limitation or banning it completely in children lives until they become teenagers or young adults. Throughout this paper the advantages and disadvantages of the two articles will be compared and contrast and in the end I will discuss and give my comments about the two. Introduction Mobile computing is where a device that has no bodily connection to a link or in other words wireless, hasRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack1455 Words   |  6 PagesThis purpose of this paper is to synthesize this writer s three key revelations from this semester which are, (1) white privilege, (2) curriculum corruption and inadequate United States history education in K-12 public schools, and (3) United States legislation which disadvantages the minor races as a means for the dominate race to maintain power and control. Thus, this exploration organizes each area of significant course discovery, which a hybrid of class sources and readings relating to eachRead MoreWhy Technology Is Important1689 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is Technology Important in K-12 Education? Marlene Segal It seems odd to me to write a paper about the importance of technology in education. While there may still be skeptics within the field of education, I would imagine that most people would agree that a technology rich environment enhances a childs education at least to some degree. Even teachers who are reluctant to infuse technology into their lesson plans would have to see the merit of students using technology consistentlyRead MoreProblems and Issues in Philippine Education3013 Words   |  13 Pagesfact, more than one-third in the case of 2005 National Budget) goes to debt servicing. 7. Sub-standard textbooks. Some textbooks which are already circulation are both poorly written and haphazardly edited. Take the case of the Asya: Noon at Ngayon with an identified total number of more than 400 historical errors. Unfortunately, it is just one of the many other similar atrociously written textbooks which are yet to be identified and exposed. This is a classic case of profit-centeredness without regardRead MoreFocus Group1931 Words   |  8 Pagesjournals and textbooks from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) different libraries. The main problem experienced in the completion of this document was that most textbooks about this studied topic were outdated in the author’s campus. Hence, different campuses of NMMU were visited and the right textbooks were found. This document presents a review of the literature on focus groups. It continues with an empirical study on organisational corruption in secondary schools. Also includedRead MoreThe Implementation of the K+12 Systems in the Philippines2643 Words   |  11 Pagesby: Jonathan M. Nartates March 2011 Abstract K+12 educational systems are the additional years to secondary level. This research contains some information about the curriculum of K+12. Interview, books and newspaper were the researchers’ major instrument in gathering information and was augmented with other data collected through readings.Studies cited by the researchers have also shown that the country’s education program is equivalent to the 12-year education cycle followed abroad except thatRead MoreCase Analysis - Sears1700 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst paper, you will complete the first steps of a comprehensive written analysis as described in Part 6 of the textbook. The written analysis will be completed in the second written assignment in this course.   Write a 4–5 page paper in which you: 1. Identify the firm’s existing objectives and strategies. 2. Explain one (1) strategy that the company might use to take advantage of an external opportunity, and one (1) strategy that the company might use to address a potential threat.

Ways In Which European Artists Represented the Orient

Question: Discuss about theWays In Which European Artists Represented theOrient. Answer: Introduction The factor of orientalism has always been a subject of investigation and introspection in the field of European art forms. Orientalism is a result of the differences of cultures and practices of the East and the West. Orientalism is in fact a kind of mindset which gives rise to the manner in which the people perceive the people different than themselves in a light of mystery and exoticism. This has often been notices by oriental theorists like Edward Said and Frederick Bohrer. According to all these theories, orientalism was merely a means of aesthetic pleasure for the west. While the west eroticized the east, the effect was seen in their art forms, mainly their paintings. The allure of the orient captured the imagination of the artists that gave shape to their various forms of art. Representation of the Orient in Paintings Description de lgypte(180922) The Description de lEgypte was a twenty four volume collection of artworks that captured the topography, architecture, monuments, natural life, and population of Egypt. This work was one of the most influential works when it comes to shaping the idea of the west regarding the orient. The work, released by the French Government, was one of the first works that actually encapsulated the idea of the cultures and habits of that particular location [1]. While the earlier works had an idea to the location, this one had a profound influence on the French society as a whole. The work was a complete documentation of the religion in Egypt in a manner that no other work had ever done before. The influence of this work becomes very clear when we take a look at the architecture in France during this period. The work had influenced France to such an extent aesthetically, that the French architecture of the period seems to be direct replicas of the Egyptian styles. The influence was also seen in th e decorative arts of the period. The Prevalence of the Egyptian motifs in the Empire style is in fact a proof of the extent to which, Egypt had influenced French styles. Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa(1804) Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa was a work that indirectly supported European supremacy over the Orient that was considered to be uncivilized and barbaric by the Europeans[2]. This particular work was one of the first oriental paintings and depicted the East as a place of backwardness, lawlessness and barbarism that was enlightened by the French rule. This work was however, in no way related to any kind of fact and served as a means for the European propaganda. The painter of this work was Antoine Jean Gros(1771-1835). He was a pupil ofJacques Louis David and a history painter in Napoleons employ. However, the fact that is most important to be noted here is that he had never himself travelled to the Near East himself but he painted a sordid image of the East. In his painting, the propagandist ideas are extremely clear. The work depicts Napoleons visit to the plague-afflicted prisoners during the siege of Jaffa[3]. The work also propagated the Christian idea of the divine touch and the divinity of kings. It can be seen that Napoleon touches an inmate and he is reacting in a certain manner. This is a scene that is eerily similar to one of Jesus Christ. Massacre at Chios (1824) Massacre at Chios is a work by Eugne Delacroix (17981863). He was a proponent of the Romantic Movement and the painting is unusually violent for one that was created during a period of civil unrest. The theme of the painting is based on the war between Chios and the Ottoman Empire[4]. The defeat of the island of Chios is what is captured in the work. The painting shows the crushed victims and the victorious military of the Ottoman Empire. Although the painting does not have any heroic figure ion itself that would counterbalance the entire theme, it is important to note that Delacroix was a proponent of the Romantic Movement during the French revolution. It is possible that there was a sense of superiority and that played its part in the painting. Although there is no visible hero in the painting, it is possible that the victorious military was perceived as heroic in the eyes of the French. This is quite possible owing to the idea of the orient in the minds of the Europeans[5]. The pa inting shows thirteen civilians rounded up and chained for enslavement by the victors. There is an indication of the superiority of the victors in this painting and this could very well have been an idea of European superiority. Scene in the Jewish Quarter of Constantine Scene in the Jewish Quarter of Constantine was a work by Chassriau. The work is noted for its change in theme. Although it is oriental in its nature, it does not go into the domain of battle and other kind of proofs of superiority. The painting is noted for its depiction of quiet domestic and day to day life. The theme of maternity is also quite visible in the painting[6]. The painting was the documentation of a scene that Chassriau witnessed on a trip to Algeria. The scene touched him aesthetically to such an extent that he captured the scene in his notebook. However, there is an idea of romanticizing the East in this painting. The painting is done in such a manner that it captures the domesticity in a way that is not present in the European way of life[7]. This could be seen in his remark that he felt that the Arabs and the Jews were living in a manner that was like it was at the beginning of time. Also, the Jewish women were considered to be objects of desire by the Europeans and as a result, the effects could be seen in the painting. The Finding of Christ in the Temple The finding of the Christ in the Temple was a work by William Holman Hunt. The main feature of this painting is that it uses an oriental setting for a Christian theme. The paining was done after Hunt had travelled to the Middle East and used local people as models for his work. What is important here is the portrayal of the supremacy of Christianity over Judaism[8]. The painting portrays Jesus in a temple and Mary and Joseph coming after they had been looking for him. The scene is one where Jesus is a child and he is preaching to a group of rabbis in a Jewish temple. However, the rabbis are dismissive of his opinion. This is one of the main themes that emphasize the superiority of Christianity over the other religions. This painting is thus a symbol of European superiority[9]. The emphasis on the idea of the west civilizing the barbaric east is thus seen explicitly in this painting. It is quite clear that Hunt considered Christianity to be superior to the other religions. The most im portant part of this painting is that the attention to detail is very evident in this work. The oriental designs and oriental models of people are very carefully drawn in the painting. References Bednarski, Andrew. 2005.Holding Egypt. London: Golden House. English Romantic Paintings, 1800-1900. 1965. London: Maas Gallery. Kunz, Armin, Iris Metje, F. Carlo Schmid, and Catherine Bindman. 2008.The Romantic Era. Du?sseldorf: C.G. Boerner. Orientalism. 2012. Parkstone Pr. Peltre, Christine. 2004.Orientalism. Paris: Terrail. Pinder-Wilson, Ralph H. 1969.Paintings From Islamic Lands. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Said, Edward W.Orientalism. Thomson, Richard, E. W Brayley, and Thomas Baring. 1838.A Bibliographical Account And Collation Of La Description De L'e?gypte. London: [Printed by C. Skipper and East]. Yoshihara, Mari. 2003.Embracing The East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Case Study for The Demand And Supply Of Television Sets In Venezuela

Questions: The table and graph shown below illustrate the demand and supply schedules for television sets in Venezuela, a "small" nation that is unable to affect world prices. In addition to the answer for each item below, describe in a few sentences how you solved each part of the problem. (This will allow the instructor to assign partial credit in case an answer is incorrect.)1. Suppose Venezuela imports TV sets at a price of $150 each. Under free trade, how many sets does Venezuela produce, consume, and import?2. Assume that Venezuela imposes a quota that limits imports to 300 TV sets. Determine the quota induced price increase and the resulting decrease in consumer surplus.3. Calculate the quota's redistributive effect, consumption effect, protective effect, and revenue effect.4. Assuming that Venezuelan import companies organize as buyers and bargain favorably with competitive foreign exporters, what is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota?5. Suppose that foreign exporters organize as a monopoly seller. What is the overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota? Answers: The demand and supply of television sets in Venezuela is given below: From the diagram we can figure out that the demand for television set and the supply of television equates at 450 and the corresponding price of the television set is $325 in Venezuela. So the equilibrium price is $325 and equilibrium quantity it as 450 (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012). 1. Now trade opens up and Venezuela imports television sets. The following diagram gives the free trade condition of Venezuela: From the above diagram we infer that the world price of the television set is $150 which is also the free trade price. Here the domestic demand is 800 and the domestic supply is 100. A situation of excess demand of television set by the residents of Venezuela arises, which the domestic suppliers cannot satisfy. An excess demand of 700 (800-100) is covered up by importing 700 quantities of television set by Venezuela (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012). Thus the import of television set is of 700 quantities at the world price of $150. Venezuela produces 100 quantities of television sets, consumes 800 quantities and imports 700 quantities of television sets. 2. Now suppose import quota of 300 TV sets is imposed. Then, there is a restriction of import which drives up the price but since Venezuela is a small country, there will be no impact on the world price and it will remain at $150. The free trade equilibrium price is at $150. At this price, the domestic demand is 800 and the domestic supply is 100. The import is given by the difference between the domestic demand and the domestic supply (Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 2013). In this case: Domestic demand Domestic Supply = 700 (800-100) Now Venezuela imposed a tariff of 300 TV sets which restricts trade from 700 to 300. The price goes up to $250. This implies that as quota is imposed consumers now have to purchase from the domestic producer, hence the domestic production increased to 300 TV sets and the domestic demand reduced to 600 TV sets. And so the new price is at $250 (Perloff, 2012). Now the loss in consumer surplus is marked by the area (A+B+C+D) which is due to rise in price because of import quota (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012). 3. Now as import quota is imposed there are several effects that arise which are redistributive effect, consumption effect, protective effect and the revenue effect (Krugman and Wells, 2013). All these effects are depicted in the following diagram: Assuming the diagram we conclude that: Redistributive effect= (100*300)-(0.5*100*200) = (30000-10000) = 20000 Consumption effect= (800-600) = 200 Protective effect= (300-100) = 200 Revenue effect= (300*100) = 30000 4. If the import companies of Venezuela organize as buyers and bargain favourably with the competitive foreign exporters then there will be overall welfare loss to Venezuela as a result of the quota (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2013). The loss of surplus is shown by the blue lines in the diagram. 5. If the foreign exporters organize as monopoly seller then the price of the TV sets will be increased and thus the quota will lead to welfare loss to the country. Total welfare loss will be the area B+C+D in the diagram (Hoag, 2013). References Hoag, J. (2013).Intermediate microeconomics. Singapore: World Scientific. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Krugman, P., Wells, R. (2013).Microeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C., Parkin, M. (2012).Microeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Perloff, J. (2012).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Pindyck, R., Rubinfeld, D. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson.